N5 grammar

Was; past copula

Was not; past negative copula

Turns a statement into a question

Seeks confirmation or shared agreement

Emphasizes new or important information

Gives an explanation or background

Probably; isn't that so?

Polite prefix before a word

Polite non-past and its negative

Polite past and its negative

Plain dictionary form of a verb

Plain negative verb form

Plain past verb form

Plain past negative verb form

Te-form, the base of many patterns

Action in progress, habit, or state

Do B without doing A

A verb clause modifies a noun

The way to do something

Core forms of irregular verbs

Already did; have not done yet

Basic use of i-adjectives

Negative i-adjective

Past i-adjective

Past negative i-adjective

Basic use of na-adjectives

Negative na-adjective

Past na-adjective

Past negative na-adjective

Links qualities and states

Become or change into a state

Too much; do excessively

Someone or something exists

Someone or something is in a place

This, that, that over there

This, that, or that noun over there

Here, there, over there

Which one of several

Who; what

Where; to where

When

How; how about?

How; by what method

Why; for what reason

What kind of

How much; how many

Something; nothing

Someone or somewhere; no one or nowhere

Marks the topic or a contrast

Marks the subject or new information

Marks an object or route of movement

Possession, type, or relation between nouns

Also or too; 'none' with a negative

Marks the exact time of an action

Marks existence location or movement goal

Marks a recipient, purpose, or result

Marks a direction of movement

Marks the place of an action

Marks a means, material, or language

Complete list: A and B

Shared action: with someone

Marks a quotation, thought, or report

Casual quotation or topic marker

Open-ended list of examples

Choice: A or B

Starting point: from or since

End point: until or as far as

Range from a starting to an end point

But or although; soft contrast

Subject inside a noun-modifying clause

Replaces an understood noun

Do A and then B

After performing an action

Before an action or event

After an action or event

When; at the time of a situation

Because; since

Gives a softer explanatory reason

And; adds the next fact

After that; then

But; however

Two actions at the same time

Want an object

Go or come in order to act

Have an intention or plan

Choose or decide on something

Shall we? Shall I do it?

Please do not do

Please give me an object

Must not; an action is forbidden

Casual 'must not'

Direct, strong prohibition

Must or need to do

Do not have to do

Advice to do or not do

Only; exactly this limit

Approximate amount, time, or degree

N2 is more something than N1

The most something in a group

The most; best of all

Have experience doing an action

List representative activities

Like or dislike an object

Like or dislike doing an action

Be good or poor at doing an action

Make an action or quality the topic

Give something to someone

Someone gives to me or my group

Receive from someone

Result of an intentional action remains